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Research has examined its role in: Stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis in fibroblast cultures Modulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) Promoting angiogenesis and endothelial cell recruitment Regulating gene expression across thousands of human genes Supporting tissue remodelling in wound, lung, bone, and gastrointestinal models Investigating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways GHK-Cu and Collagen Synthesis Research Research published in FEBS Letters confirmed that GHK-Cu stimulates collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures, with stimulation beginning between 10 and 10 M, reaching maximum effect at 10 M, independently of any change in cell number

Third, independent replication outside the original group has been limited , although a 2025 paper in Biogerontology by Al-Dulaimi and colleagues represents a recent independent confirmation of the in vitro telomere effect

Statistics and reproducibility For assessing differences between the two groups, a t-test was performed

Young and old rats exposed to Epithalon had stimulated skin fibroblast proliferation by 29-45%