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Oncoscience 2(2):187-92, 2015

Abbreviations ADH: Alcohol dehydrogenase AGE-adduct: Advanced glycation end product adduct ALD: Alcohol-associated liver disease AJ: Adherens junction AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase ALDH2: Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 APAP: Acetaminophen ARE: Antioxidant response element AUD: Alcohol use disorder CAT: Catalase CYP2E1: Ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 DAMP: Danger-associated molecular pattern DILI: Drug-induced liver injury ER: Endoplasmic reticulum ETC: Electron transport chain FFA: Free fatty acid FLD: Fatty liver disease GPx: Glutathione peroxidase GR: Glutathione reductase GSH: Reduced glutathione GSSG: Oxidized glutathione HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma HBV: Hepatitis B virus HCV: Hepatitis C virus HFD: Western-style high-fat diet 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal HSC: Hepatic stellate cells INAH: Isoniazid JNK: C-Jun N-terminal protein kinase Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein KO: Knockout LPO: Lipid peroxidation product LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease MDA: Malondialdehyde MDMA: 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine MEOS: Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system NF-B: Nuclear factor-B NO: Nitric oxide NOX: NADPH-oxidase Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor PARP: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase PGC-1: Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 PPAR-: Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor- PTMs: Post-translational modifications RNS: Reactive nitrogen species ROS: Reactive oxygen species -SMA: -Smooth muscle actin SOD: Superoxide dismutase SREBP-1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 TAA: Thioacetamide TAFLD: Toxicant-associated fatty liver disease TG: Triglyceride TGF-: Transforming growth factor- TJ: Tight junction TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- SIRT1: NAD + -dependent deacetylase Sirtuin 1 VIM: Vimentin References Naviaux RK (2012) Oxidative shielding or oxidative stress

In clinical trials, AC, being a phytoestrogen, has been tested for its effect on the levels of sex hormone, antioxidant-adaptive reactions, and oxidative stress induced by exercise

These cells are macrophage-like cells and are involved in the brains innate immune system, whose defense mechanisms are altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD (26)