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The founder's grandson, Patrick Reynolds, who watched from afar as his father passed away in his youth, sold all of his inherited Carmel stock and established a foundation called Tobacco-Free America (FSA) in 1986, and has been active as an anti-smoking activist in the United States

Later, the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery"

Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The research ethics committee of university of Social Welfare Rehabilitation Sciences approved this study (IR.USWR.REC.1400.298)

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