oral melanotic macule macule. Benign. Dark spot on labia (or lip). Analogous to lentigo simplex. Hyperpigmented basal keratinocytes & dermal melanophages. Slight ⬆️ in single basal melanocytes; NO nests. More info like this in Oral melanotic macule"

Subtle shifts in neurotransmitter tone or cellular energy status may influence vascular tone, sensory processing and pain pathways, creating a biologically plausible route by which ALCAR could alter headache susceptibility

In a 2003 study on multiple sclerosis patients, ALCAR supplementation for six months significantly increased glutathione levels in cerebrospinal fluid and reduced oxidative stress markers

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All the assessments were carried out by trained postgraduates team in health sciences (from three different disciplines: nutrition, physiotherapy, and biomedical sciences) who were completely blinded about the intervention groups