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As an innovative drug delivery strategy, transdermal administration of plant bioactive metabolites, which delivers active metabolites to the body or local target tissues via the dermal route, retains the natural advantages of plant bioactive metabolites while overcoming their inherent limitations through dosage form design

It is characterized by significant and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway

Figure 3 Recent research suggests that this change in function is driven by changes in metabolism

Second, as an observational study, causality cannot be established, and the findings remain susceptible to residual confounding from unmeasured factors, including confounding by indication, disease severity, prescribing preferences, and lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, or cognitive engagement