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3 The true prevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy is likely to be even higher, as pregnant women may under report their smoking due to stigmas associated to smoking during pregnancy

Table 8.6 8.2.7 Around a quarter of non-smokers who did not vape had a detectable level of cotinine in their saliva indicating potential exposure to second-hand smoke in 2022/2023/2024 combined, a significant increase from 2018/2019 Adult non-smokers (who did not vape) geometric mean cotinine levels have been in the range 0.02 0.03 since 2012/2013 combined, with the 2022/2023/2024 combined level (0.03) at the top end of this range

Combustion creates some, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides

However, they should be used cautiously and only in unoccupied vehicles, as ozone can be harmful if inhaled